Distribución del jaguar Panthera onca en las provincias de Jujuy y Salta, noroeste de Argentina

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Se ha estimado la distribución original del jaguar (Panthera onca) desde el sur de Estados Unidos hasta el sur de Argentina. En Sudamérica actualmente ocupa el 65% del área de distribución original. En el 36% de esta, las poblaciones de jaguar se encuentran disminuidas. En el noroeste de Argentina, además del desarrollo de actividades económicas y escasas áreas protegidas, otro factor de amenaza es la caza ejercida por los ganaderos, al considerarlo el único o principal factor de la desaparición de ganado bovino. En este trabajo se actualiza el conocimiento sobre la distribución actual del jaguar en las provincias de Jujuy y Salta (en el extremo noroeste de Argentina), y se discute la relación entre su presencia y el desarrollo de ganadería extensiva. Se obtuvieron 196 registros de presencia de jaguar, a partir de 1990, a través de trabajos de campo (n = 119, 60.25%) y entrevistas (n = 77, 39.75%). Estos registros se clasificaron como i) avistajes de jaguares (en el 21.42% de los registros), ii) jaguares cazados (18.36%), iii) bovinos depredados (36.73%) y señales (18.36% huellas y fecas), y iv) ataques a humanos (5.10%). Se puede considerar que la distribución del jaguar en estas provincias se encuentra actualmente entre los 22° 50′ – 25° S y los 63° 50′ – 65° O. El 93.58% de los registros corresponden a zonas con ganadería extensiva. Se discute la posible relación entre la distribución del jaguar y el desarrollo de la ganadería extensiva.


Jaguar Panthera onca distribution in Jujuy and Salta provinces in northwestern Argentina. Originally, jaguar (Panthera onca) spread from the south of the United States to the south of Argentina. At present, this species occupies 65% of the original range in South America; and in 36% of this area its population has been reduced. In northwestern Argentina, in addition to economic activities and the scarcity of protected areas, the jaguar is threatened by hunting, since ranchers consider this animal the main factor of cattle destruction. This work shows the present distribution of jaguar in the provinces of Jujuy and Salta, in northwesthern Argentina, and also discusses the relationship between jaguar and the raising of cattle in an extensive way. One hundred and ninety six records of jaguar’s presence were obtained since 1990 from field works (n = 119, 60.25%) and interviews (n = 77, 39.75%). They were classified as: i) sightings of jaguars (21.42%), ii) killed jaguars (18.36%), iii) depredated cattle (36.73%), and tracks and feces (18.36%), and iv) attacks to humans (5.10%). The jaguar distribution in these provinces is between 22° 50′ – 25° S and 63° 50′ – 65° W. The 93.58% of these records belong to areas with extensive cattle raising. The relationship between extensive cattle rearing and jaguar distribution is analyzed.

Rarity in primates: implications for conservation

A rare species contains a small absolute number of individuals, and theoretical and empirical ecologists have provided quantitative approaches to the study of differential species abundance (e.g., Preston, 1962 a, b; Gaston, 1994). The studies show that rare species are more “extinction prone” because they are more vulnerable to demographic, genetic, environmental, or catastrophic perturbations (e.g., mortality, inbreeding, habitat fragmentation, or drought, respectively). These perturbations cause “imbalances” of varying intensities, durations, frequencies, and rates which may cause population numbers to fluctuate below thresholds required for recovery. Some authors have defined and analyzed three domains of rarity: a “within-habitat” domain (alpha-rarity) (e.g., population density); a “between-habitat” domain (beta-rarity) (e.g., the number of different habitats occupied by a local population); and, a “geographic” domain (gamma-rarity) (e.g., the areal range of a species). It has been argued that species may be “extinction prone” because they occur in one or more domain of rarity and that causes of extinction may be multidimensional. These factors were studied in the Primate Order employing a subset of 97 species extracted from Wolfheim (1983). Trophic patterns for each dimension of rarity and for their combinations were also studied and found to vary from domain to domain. The broad habitat specificity of the Order implies that most species are distributed across a mosaic of edaphic and phytogeographic areas, responding with differential “norms of reaction” to stimulus patterns as they occur within and between populations. The conservation implications of the observed patterns are discussed, and a “signature” may be identified whereby Primates, broad habitat specialists, appear to display an association between endemism and low differentiation into subspecies and races. Endemism is favored where one finds poor vagility, poor survivorship, or poor colonization, traits thought to characterize large mammals, such as Primates. The traits that predispose Primates to extinction-vulnerability are components of the dimensions of rarity and may predict those strategies most likely to maximize the preservation of primate species diversity. It is concluded that Primates will be conserved where they coexist with other fauna and flora of greater ecological significance in “hotspots” of biological activity in large reserves that are close together.

Abundancia y distribución del guanaco (Lama guanicoe), en el NE del Chubut, Patagonia argentina

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En la Provincia de Chubut se otorgaron más de 118000 cupos de caza de guanacos (Lama guanicoe) en los últimos 10 años, aun cuando el conocimiento sobre la demografía de la especie es escaso y desactualizado. Para obtener información que permita un uso sostenido de este recurso se estudió la abundancia y distribución de guanacos en un área de aproximadamente 13000 km² correspondiente al Departamento Biedma, NE de la provincia de Chubut. El área de estudio, que incluye a la Península Valdés, reserva faunística provincial de 3800 km² de superficie, fue dividida en ocho estratos ambientales en base a características fisiográficas. Durante relevamientos aéreos, efectuados en febrero de 1995, se contaron guanacos y ovinos comprendidos dentro de unidades muestrales consistentes en fajas de ancho fijo y longitud variable. Se estimó para el Departamento un total de 12441 guanacos y 141334 ovinos, con errores de alrededor del 12%. Las densidades para la Península Valdés fueron de 0.59 guanacos y 21.38 ovinos/km². En el resto del área las densidades fueron de 1.09 y 6.45 animales/km² respectivamente. Las mayores densidades de guanacos se asociaron a regiones con depresiones y pendientes abruptas; las densidades menores se encontraron en regiones de meseta asociadas a estepas arbustivas o graminosas. Se encontró una correlación negativa significativa entre las densidades de guanacos y ovinos en función de los estratos ambientales. Las diferencias en las distribuciones responderían al efecto combinado de la competencia interespecífica y a las actividades antrópicas como agentes limitantes de la abundancia y distribución del guanaco.


Abundance and distribution of the guanaco (Lama guanicoe) in the NE of Chubut Province, Argentine Patagonia. We studied the abundance and distribution of guanacos living in an area of about 13000 km² in the NE of the Province of Chubut. The area includes the 3800–km² wildlife reserve of Península Valdés and was divided in eight zones, according to topography and vegetation. Aerial surveys were conducted following strip transects of fixed width and variable length on February 1995. A total of 12441 guanacos and 141334 sheep were estimated for the study area. Mean densities were 0.95 guanacos and 10.76 sheep per km². Sheep densities were higher than those of guanacos in all strata. The highest densities of guanacos occurred where sheep densities were lower than the average and the topography was uneven. Lowest guanaco densities were associated with plateaus with shrublands or grasslands. Densities of 0.59 guanacos and 21.38 sheep per km² were calculated for Península Valdés. Contrary to expectations, densities outside of the reserve were 1.09 and 6.45 animals per km², respectively. As the peninsula is the most productive part of the surveyed area, the distribution may respond to human-related factors such as extensive hunting and farming. Although guanaco population seems still healthy, local extinctions are likely to occur in the next 10 years if management is not rapidly improved.

Ecological observations of the red vizcacha rat, Tympanoctomys barrerae, in desert habitats of Argentina

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The red vizcacha rat Tympanoctomys barrerae is a rare octodontid rodent endemic to the desert ecosystem of central western Argentina. Our report is based on recent surveys of two isolated populations in the desert habitats of Mendoza province, Argentina. The red vizcacha rat lives in or near salt basins (“salares”) (Arroyito site) and sand dunes (Trintrica site). This species lives in complex burrow systems built in sand mounds, with at least three different gallery levels, and several entrances. In Arroyito, halophytic chenopods such as Heterostachys, Alternanthera and Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae) represent more than 80% of its diet. In Trintrica the red vizcacha rat preferred Atriplex (Chenopodiaceae) and Prosopis flexuosa (Leguminosae). Our data on the natural history of T. barrerae expand the understanding of this poorly known and highly adapted desert rodent.


Observaciones ecológicas de la rata vizcacha colorada, Tympanoctomys barrerae, en hábitats de desiertos de Argentina. La rata vizcacha colorada, Tympanoctomys barrerae, es un roedor octodóntido raro, endémico del ecosistema desértico central oeste de Argentina. Nuestro trabajo se basa en estudios recientes de dos poblaciones aisladas de hábitats desérticos de la provincia de Mendoza. La rata vizcacha colorada habita salares o sus alrededores (en Arroyito) y dunas (en Trintrica). Esta especie vive en sistemas de galerías complejos, de al menos tres niveles y con varias entradas, construidos en montículos de arena. En Arroyito, varias quenopodiáceas halofíticas tales como Heterostachys, Alternanthera y Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae) constituyen más del 80% de la dieta. En Trintrica, la rata vizcacha colorada prefiere Atriplex (Chenopodiaceae) y Prosopis flexuosa (Leguminosae). Nuestros datos acerca de la historia natural de T. barrerae amplían el conocimiento de esta especie pobremente estudiada y altamente adaptada a la vida en el desierto.

Prioridades de conservación de los mamíferos de Argentina

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Las 339 especies de mamíferos autóctonos vivientes de la República Argentina fueron calificadas según su necesidad de conservación siguiendo las categorías de la ley 22.421 y su reglamentación, dando como resultado 15 especies Amenazadas de Extinción; 22 Vulnerables; 78 Raras; 22 Indeterminadas; 166 No Amenazadas; 33 Insuficientemente Conocidas, y 3 sin evaluación. La calificación se basó en el uso de una metodología de base y la participación de 33 expertos. La metodología utiliza un índice ordenador-orientador (SUMIN) el cual se genera a partir de factores de importancia para la supervivencia y la conservación de las especies. Sus resultados serán evaluados periódicamente por la SAREM.


Conservation priorities of the native mammals of Argentina. 339 recent native mammals species of Argentina were qualified according to their conservation status, following the Law 22.421 categories and its reglamentation. Their findings were: 15 Extintion Threatened Species; 22 Vulnerable; 78 Rare; 22 Indeterminate; 166 Not Threatened; 33 Insufficiently Known, and 3 not evaluated. This qualification was based on a basic methodological approach: a sorting and guiding index developed from the quantification of several important survival and conservation factors (SUMIN), and with the participation of 33 specialists. Their conclusions will be evaluated periodically by SAREM.