Autor: Cecilia I. Catanesi

Molecular and phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial control region in Robertsonian karyomorphs of Graomys griseoflavus (Rodentia, Sigmodontinae)

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The South American rodent Graomys griseoflavus is a species with a Robertsonian (Rb) autosomal polymorphism. A marked genetic differentiation between 2n = 42–41 and 2n = 38–34 karyomorphic groups was evidenced by cytogenetic and molecular analysis. The mitochondrial control region was sequenced in all Graomys karyomorphs for its characterization and used to trace more accurate phylogenetic relationships. The molecular organization showed to be coincident with the consensus molecular structure described for other rodent taxa, exhibiting the conserved domains ETAS (extended termination-associated sequences), CD (central domain) and CSB (conserved sequence block) 1, 2 and 3. Phylogenetic trees showed that 2n = 42–41 and 2n = 38–34 karyomorphic groups form separate clades, with neither phylogeographical structure nor population subdivision within Rb karyomorphs. These findings suggest a short evolutionary time for the occurrence and fixation of the chromosomal rearrangements and reinforce the single origin hypothesis for the Rb karyomorphs of G. griseoflavus.

Aplicación del algoritmo CONCOR (Pearl y Schulman, 1983) para la interpretación de estereotipos de comportamiento

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Interpretación de estereotipos de comportamiento. En los estudios de comportamiento en cautiverio, los movimientos estereotipados (secuencias de movimientos repetitivas, atribuidas a las condiciones del confinamiento) ofrecen un problema para la interpretación de su función y para su inserción en la conducta global del individuo. El uso de matrices de transición resuelve estos inconvenientes interpretando los estereotipos como equivalentes de aquellas conductas que presentan el mismo esquema de transición. Presentamos el análisis de dos matrices: una para Tayassu tajacu (pecarí de collar) y otra para Dasyprocta punctata (agutí rojizo). En ambos casos la técnica de muestreo usada fue grupo focal durante una hora, registrando cada cinco minutos el número de individuos que desarrollaban comportamientos agrupados en categorías previamente definidas. Una vez construida la matriz de transición de pecaríes y aplicado el algoritmo CONCOR, la categoría Calesita quedó correlacionada con la categoría Movimiento, mientras que en agutíes la categoría No Observado no pudo correlacionarse con ninguna otra. Por lo tanto, esta técnica resultó útil para la identificación de una marcha estereotipada (generalmente explicada como una desviación del movimiento causada por un elemento de significancia biológica) distinguiendo este tipo de comportamientos de un error en la técnica de muestreo.

Interpretation of stereotyped movements using the CONCOR algorithm (Pearl and Schulman, 1983). In the studies of animal behaviour in captivity, the stereotyped movements (repetitive sequences of movements attributed to confinement conditions) constitute a problem in the interpretation of their function and insertion in the individual behaviour. The use of a transition matrix can solve this problem because it is possible to interpret the stereotypes as equivalent to those behaviours which show the same transition pattern. We analysed two of such matrices: one for Tayassu tajacu (collared peccari), and other for Dasyprocta punctata (red agouti). In both cases, the sampling technique was focal group during one hour, recording every five minutes the number of individuals performing behaviours grouped in pre-defined categories. Once the transition matrix was built, and CONCOR algorithm applied, Carrousel category was correlated with moving category for peccaries, and Non Observed category could not be correlated with any other for agouti. Thus, this technique was useful for the identification of a stereotyped march (usually explained as a movement deviation caused by an item of biological significance) and permitted to distinguish such type of behaviour from a record-technique failure.