Taxonomía de los primates de Colombia: cambios en los últimos veinte años (2000–2019) y anotaciones sobre localidades tipo

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Colombia es uno de los países con mayor riqueza de primates en el mundo. Sin embargo, el número e identidad de las especies ha sido un tema debatido a lo largo de los años. Las primeras descripciones de primates colombianos se remontan a expediciones posteriores a la conquista española. A esto se sumaron las primeras revisiones taxonómicas de géneros y especies en la primera mitad del siglo XX, a partir de literatura y especímenes de museo. Con el objetivo de unificar la información taxonómica de los primates no humanos del país, realizamos una revisión de literatura enfocada en aquellos aportes que han llevado a cambios en los arreglos taxonómicos y nomenclaturales de los últimos 20 años. Además, reunimos información sobre los taxa con localidad tipo en Colombia a partir de revisiones de las descripciones originales. En total, reconocemos la presencia de 36 especies y 17 subespecies, donde los mayores cambios se han dado en los géneros Cebus y Aotus. Reportamos ocho especies endémicas, y 25 taxa con localidades tipo en el país. Consideramos que, de acuerdo con revisiones recientes, las poblaciones del género Cacajao en el país corresponden a C. ouakary (Spix 1823) y, ante la ausencia de evidencia molecular, barreras geográficas y diferenciación fenotípica, indicamos a Pithecia milleri como subpespecie de P. hirsuta (Spix 1823), y a Cheracebus lucifer y C. medemi como subespecies de C. torquatus (Hoffmannsegg, 1807). Finalmente, proponemos el uso de subgéneros para representar las relaciones evolutivas en Saguinus (Leontocebus) y Callicebus (Plecturocebus, Cheracebus).


Taxonomy of Colombian primates: changes in the last twenty years (2000–2019) and some taxonomic notes. Colombia is among the countries with the greatest richness of primates in the world. However, the number and identity of species has been a debated topic over the years. The first descriptions of Colombian primates date back to expeditions after the Spanish conquest. Later, the first taxonomic reviews of genera and species were published in the first half of the 20th century, based on literature and museum specimens. To unify the taxonomic information of non-human primates of the country, we conducted a literature review focused on those contributions that have led to changes in the taxonomic and nomenclatural arrangements of the last 20 years. Also, we collected information on taxa with type locality in Colombia from revisions of the original descriptions. We recognize the presence of 36 species and 17 subspecies, where the greatest changes have occurred in the genera Cebus and Aotus. We report 8 endemic species and 25 taxa with type localities in the country. Furthermore, we consider that, according to recent reviews, the populations of the genus Cacajao in the country correspond to C. ouakary (Spix 1823) and, in the absence of molecular evidence, geographic barriers, and phenotypic differentiation, we indicate Pithecia milleri as a subspecies of P. hirsuta (Spix, 1823), and Cheracebus lucifer and C. medemi as subspecies of C. torquatus (Hoffmannsegg, 1807). Finally, we propose the use of subgenera to represent the evolutionary relationships in Saguinus (Leontocebus) and Callicebus (Plecturocebus, Cheracebus).

Graphical abstract for the article “Taxonomía de los primates de Colombia: cambios en los últimos veinte años (2000–2019) y anotaciones sobre localidades tipo” (García-Restrepo & Montilla, 2021)

Observaciones del nado de un grupo de monos aulladores (Alouatta palliata) en el océano Pacífico de Costa Rica

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Se han observado individuos solitarios de mono aullador Alouatta palliata nadando en bosques inundables, pantanos, lagunas y ríos. Sin embargo, dicho evento nunca había sido observado en grupos de individuos ni tampoco en el mar. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de la presente nota es reportar por primera vez la observación de una tropa de A. palliata nadando del continente hacia una isla cercana en el Pacífico de Costa Rica.


Observations on swimming in a group of mantled howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata) in the Pacific Ocean of Costa Rica. Mantled howler monkeys, Alouatta palliata, have been observed swimming in flooded forests, swamps, lagoons and rivers. This type of event had only been documented on solitary individuals in fresh water bodies so far. Therefore, the purpose of this note is to report, for the first time, a troop of A. palliata swimming from the continent to a nearby island in the Pacific coast of Costa Rica.

Social parasitism in mammals with particular reference to Neotropical primates

Organisms often respond in ways that appear to benefit others rather than themselves. This phenomenon is consistent with the views of Darwin (1859) and Dawkins (1999) that individuals may exploit the responses of others. This phenomenon, “social parasitism”, has been extensively investigated in social insects, particularly, ants. Other empirical studies have demonstrated social parasitism in fish, birds, and mammals. This paper reviews several possible examples of mammalian social parasitism, with an emphasis upon intraspecific social parasitism (ISP) in Neotropical primates. Social parasitism is discussed as a life history feature of long-lived, social organisms such as many primates, including humans. A simple mathematical model, applied to social parasitism, is presented linking parasite transmission to a parasite’s influence on its host. Phenotypic manipulation is assessed as a mechanism of social parasitism, and possible examples from the literature on Neotropical primates are provided. Social parasitism is discussed in relation to the evolution of higher grades of sociality (eusociality, cooperative breeding), manipulation success (infectivity), and the evolution of virulence (e.g., aggression, punishment). It is proposed that an understanding of variations in virulence and infectivity by social parasites is likely to reveal important evolutionary dynamics for an integrated view of social evolution.