Keyword: citogenética

Karyotypic diversity of the genus Graomys Thomas, 1916 (Rodentia, Cricetidae, Sigmodontinae)

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The genus Graomys contains four species and presents significant karyological diversity. Graomys griseoflavus, inhabiting mainly the Monte Desert ecoregion, shows variations in diploid number (2n) from 33 to 38 due to Robertsonian translocations and in fundamental number of autosomal arms (FNa) from 44 to 48 due to inversions. Graomys chacoensis, which occurs in the ecoregions of the Chaco and the Espinal, has 2n = 42 and FNa = 44–46 due to a pericentric inversion. Graomys domorum, which inhabits the Yungas ecoregion and the Yungas-Chaco transitional zones exhibits 2n = 28 and FNa = 46, but its karyotype is known only by a schematic representation for two specimens from Bolivia. The karyotype of G. edithae has not yet been described. In this report, we studied 29 individuals of the three former species from different localities of their distribution, using conventional and differential cytogenetic techniques and chromosome measurements. In G. griseoflavus, we have identified the pairs involved in the three Robertsonian translocations, supporting an independent, not sequential origin of this polymorphism. The nearby area of Mendoza City showed the greatest chromosomal diversity for G. griseoflavus. The banding pattern associated with the chromosomal measurements allowed us to suggest the possible pairs involved in the pericentric inversions of G. griseoflavus and G. chacoensis. The presence of heterochromatin indicates more significant chromosomal variability and complexity than previously recognized. The chromosome complements of G. chacoensis and G. griseoflavus are more similar to each other. The karyotype of G. domorum from Argentina differs from the previously reported from Bolivia, and is the most divergent within the genus.

Diversidad cariotípica en el género Graomys Thomas, 1916 (Rodentia, Cricetidae, Sigmodontinae). El género Graomys contiene cuatro especies y presenta una diversidad cariológica significativa. Graomys griseoflavus habita en la ecorregión del Desierto del Monte y muestra variaciones en el número diploide (2n) de 33 a 38 debido a translocaciones robertsonianas, y en el número fundamental de brazos autosómicos (FNa) de 44 a 48 debido a inversiones. Graomys chacoensis se encuentra en las ecorregiones del Chaco y el Espinal, y tiene 2n = 42 y FNa = 44–46 debido a una inversión pericéntrica. Graomys domorum habita en la ecorregión de Yungas y en zonas de transición con el Chaco, y exhibe 2n = 28 NFa = 46, pero su cariotipo sólo se conoce por una representación esquemática para dos especímenes de Bolivia. El cariotipo de G. edithae no ha sido descrito. En este trabajo estudiamos 29 individuos de las tres primeras especies distribuidos en diferentes localidades, utilizando técnicas citogenéticas convencionales, diferenciales y mediciones cromosómicas. En G. griseoflavus identificamos los pares involucrados en las tres translocaciones Robertsonianas, apoyando un origen independiente, no secuencial de este polimorfismo. El área cercana a Mendoza alberga la mayor diversidad cromosómica de G. griseoflavus. El patrón de bandas y las medidas cromosómicas nos han permitido sugerir los posibles pares involucrados en las inversiones pericéntricas de G. griseoflavus y G. chacoensis. La presencia de heterocromatina indica variabilidad cromosómica adicional y una mayor complejidad de lo que se reconocía previamente. Los complementos cromosómicos de G. griseoflavus y G. chacoensis son muy similares. El cariotipo de G. domorum de Argentina difiere del informado en Bolivia y es el más divergente dentro del género.

Graphical abstract for the article “Karyotypic diversity of the genus Graomys Thomas, 1916 (Rodentia, Cricetidae, Sigmodontinae)” (De Cena et al., 2023)

Chromosomal differentiation in Kerodon rupestris (Rodentia: Caviidae) from the Brazilian semi-arid region

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Kerodon rupestris (Wied, 1820) is the most specialized species among caviid rodents and is endemic to the extensive rocky outcrops in the semi-arid region in Brazil. Herein we describe different karyotypes for K. rupestris, based on samples collected in Itapajé, Ceará (CE), Iraquara in Bahia (BA), and Botumirim in Minas Gerais (MG). Our samples included northern, center and southern populations in the range of the species distribution. The results were compared with a karyotype from Pernambuco previously described for the species. The diploid number (2n = 52) was constant among the analyzed population samples, but the fundamental number (FN) varied from 92 in Itapajé (CE) and Iraquara (BA), to 94 in Botumirim (MG). Pericentric inversions affecting one small pair of acrocentric chromosomes may explain this variation. C-bands showed that constitutive heterochromatin was distributed in the pericentromeric region of all chromosomes, constant for all examined populations. NOR sites were found in chromosomes pairs 10 and 11, constant for all populations. X chromosome was entirely heterochromatic, with greater heterochromatin concentration in interstitial and distal parts of the arms. Y chromosome was completely heterochromatic. Differences in chromosomal composition in Botumirim sample are congruent with the results of previous studies about cranial variability: Botumirim had the largest cranial size and was discriminated from other population samples in the multivariate character space. Since Botumirim is only 100 km away from the type locality, it is proposed—in congruence with previously published results—that the FN for the species is polytypic (94/92).

Diferenciação cromossômica em Kerodon rupestris (Rodentia: Caviidae) da região semiárida brasileira. Kerodon rupestris (Wied, 1820) é a espécie mais especialista entre os roedores caviídeos endêmica dos afloramentos rochosos da região semiárida do Brasil, a Caatinga. No presente trabalho foram descritos diferentes cariótipos para K. rupestris, baseado em amostras coletadas em Itapajé, Ceará (CE), Iraquara na Bahia (BA) e Botumirim em Minas Gerais (MG). As amostras incluem populações do norte, centro e sul da distribuição da espécie. Os resultados foram comparados com um cariótipo de Pernambuco, previamente descrito para a espécie. O número diploide (2n = 52) foi constante para as populações analisadas, mas o número fundamental (FN) variou de 92 em Itapajé (CE) e Iraquara (BA), para 94 em Botumirim (MG). Inversões pericêntricas afetando um pequeno par de cromossomos acrocêntricos podem explicar essa variação. Bandas C mostraram que a heterocromatina constitutiva estava distribuída na região pericentromérica de todos os cromossomos, constante para todas as amostras estudadas. Sítios de NOR foram encontrados nos pares de cromossomos 10 e 11, também constantes para todas as populações. O cromossomo X é inteiramente heterocromático, com grande concentração de heterocromatina nas porções intersticial e distal dos braços. Diferenças na composição cromossômica nas amostras de Botumirim são congruentes com os resultados prévios sobre a variabilidade cranial: os indivíduos de Botumirim apresentaram tamanho cranial maior do que os de outras populações no espaço de caractereres multivariados. Uma vez que Botumirim está a apenas 100 km de distância da localidade-tipo, propõe-se —de acordo com os resultados publicados previamente— que o FN para a espécie seja classificado como politípico (94/92).

Discovery of the first wild population of the small red brocket deer Mazama bororo (Artiodactyla: Cervidae)

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Mazama bororo was described from a few captive specimens in Brazil by cytogenetic and morphological characters. These specimens supposedly originated in the Southern Atlantic Forest; however, no wild population has been reported. This study was initiated in 1998 to investigate the presence of this species in forest remnants of the Paranapiacaba mountain range, south São Paulo State, Brazil. Five specimens were captured between 2000 and 2002. Cytogenetic analysis from blood samples confirmed its specific identification, documenting the first population of small red brocket deer at the Intervales State Park.

Descubrimiento de la primera población silvestre de la pequeña corzuela roja Mazama bororo (Artiodactyla: Cervidae). Mazama bororo fue descrita a partir de algunos ejemplares cautivos en Brasil, a través de caracteres citogenéticos y morfológicos. El origen estimado de estos animales indicaba la presencia de la especie al sur del Bosque Atlántico, pero no se había reportado hasta la actualidad ninguna población en estado silvestre. Este estudio se inició en 1998 con el objetivo de investigar la presencia de la especie en remanentes de bosque en la Sierra del Paranapiacaba, al sur del estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Fueron capturados cinco especímenes entre 2000 y 2002. Los análisis citogenéticos de muestras sanguíneas confirmaron la identidad específica, reportándose la primera población de corzuela roja pequeña en el Parque Estatal Intervales.

Micromamíferos de la región de Comodoro Rivadavia (Chubut, Argentina)

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Este trabajo comprende una lista de micromamíferos obtenidos en la región de Comodoro Rivadavia (Distrito del Golfo San Jorge, Provincia Fitogeográfica Patagónica). Fueron capturados 80 caviomorfos, presumiblemente Microcavia australis. También se identificó 1 marsupial (Lestodelphys halli) y 39 roedores: 19 Graomys griseoflavus (2n = 36, 37 and 38), 1 Phyllotis xanthopygus (2n = 38), 7 Reithrodon auritus (2n = 34) y 12 Abrothrix olivaceus (2n = 44). En la última especie el número diploide de cromosomas es diferente al de trabajos previos (2n = 52); esta diferencia puede ser atribuida a un polimorfismo cromosómico estructural.

Small mammals of Comodoro Rivadavia area (Chubut, Argentina). A list of small mammals obtained in the region of Comodoro Rivadavia (Gulf San Jorge District, Patagonia Phytogeographic Province) is here included. Eighty caviomorfs, presumably Microcavia australis, were captured. We also identified 1 marsupial (Lestodelphys halli) and 39 rodents: 19 Graomys griseoflavus (2n = 36, 37 and 38), 1 Phyllotis xanthopygus (2n = 38), 7 Reithrodon auritus (2n = 34) and 12 Abrothrix olivaceus (2n = 44). In the last species the diploid number of chromosomes is different to previous reports (2n = 52). This difference may be attributed to structural chromosomal polymorphism.

Cytogenetic analysis of Ctenomys opimus (Rodentia, Octodontidae) from Argentina

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Comparison of the normal karyotype, C and G-banding patterns of Ctenomys opimus from Argentina, with karyotypes from Chile and Bolivia, do not distinguish Argentinean
from Chilean or Bolivian forms of this species.

Análisis citogenético de Ctenomys opimus (Rodentia: Octodontidae) de la Argentina. La comparación del cariotipo normal, las bandas C y G de Ctenomys opimus de Argentina, con cariotipos de Chile y Bolivia, no permite distinguir, desde el punto de vista citogenético, las formas argentinas de las bolivianas o chilenas.

Extensive chromosomal variation in Ctenomys talarum talarum from the Atlantic coast of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina (Rodentia: Octodontidae)

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A sample of 72 specimens from a population of Ctenomys talarum talarum was collected along a transect of 103 km in the Atlantic coast of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. The cytogenetic analysis indicated a wide chromosomal variability, with nine different karyotypes having diploid numbers ranging from 2N = 44 to 2N = 48 and NF = 78 and 80. C- and G- band patterns revealed that a Robertsonian change and a tandem fusion affecting two different chromosomes pairs could explain these chromosomal polymorphisms. In addition the relationship between chromosomal variation and environmental factors that limit Ctenomys distribution was analyzed along the transect. We discuss the significance of the observed pattern of chromosomal variability in the light of two alternative hypotheses: ecological adaptive vs. historical demographic factors.

Amplia variabilidad cromosómica en Ctenomys talarum talarum de la costa atlántica de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina (Rodentia: Octodontidae). Se obtuvo una muestra de 72 especímenes de una población de Ctenomys talarum talarum, a lo largo de una transecta de 103 km, en la región costera de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. El análisis citogenético de los especímenes reveló la existencia de una amplia variabilidad cromosómica que comprende nueve cariotipos diferentes con números diploides que van desde 2n = 44 a 2n = 48 y NF = 78 y 80. Los patrones de bandas C- y G- revelaron que el polimorfismo cromosómico se debe a dos reordenamientos: una fusión/fisión robertsoniana y una fusión en tándem, que afectan a dos pares cromosómicos diferentes. Asimismo se analizó la relación entre la variación cromosómica y los principales factores ambientales considerados limitantes para la distribución de Ctenomys a lo largo de la transecta. Se discute el significado del patrón de variabilidad cromosómica observado a la luz de dos hipótesis alternativas: adaptación ecológica vs. factores histórico-demográficos.