Keyword: Felidae

Trophic ecology of Geoffroy’s cat (Leopardus geoffroyi) and mammal prey availability in semi-arid environments of central Patagonia, Argentina

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Research on the dietary composition of felids can help improve the perception of rural workers and their tolerance towards this group, which is threatened by human-wildlife conflicts. In this context, the purpose of this study was to quantify the diet of Leopardus geoffroyi in Península Valdés (Patagonia, Argentina) to obtain baseline knowledge of the species’ dietary habits, trophic ecology, and degree of prey consumption. To this end, 160 fresh scat samples, collected from 2013 to 2016, were analyzed. Ten mammal species, one tinamou bird, one lizard genus, and one insect order were identified. The most frequently consumed prey (63.84%) were small-sized mammals (< 1 kg), accounting for the highest biomass contribution (37.2%). The frequency of each mammal species in the diet was not correlated with their capture frequency (measured through Sherman live traps and pedestrian diurnal transects). This study is the first to report on the diet of L. geoffroyi in Argentinean central Patagonia, and it provides information not only on ecological aspects but also on the natural history of this felid species.

Ecología trófica del gato montés (Leopardus geoffroyi) y disponibilidad de presas de mamíferos en ambientes semiáridos de la Patagonia central, Argentina. La investigación sobre la composición de la dieta de los felinos puede ayudar a mejorar la percepción y la tolerancia de los trabajadores rurales hacia esta especie de carnívoro felino que se ve amenazada por el conflicto entre humano-vida silvestre. En este contexto, el propósito de este estudio fue cuantificar la dieta de Leopardus geoffroyi en Península Valdés (Patagonia, Argentina) con la finalidad de obtener un conocimiento básico sobre la ecología trófica y el grado de consumo de presas. Para ello, se analizaron 160 muestras de heces frescas recogidas entre 2013 y 2016. Se identificaron 10 especies de mamíferos, una especie de tinamú, un género de lagarto y un orden de insecto. Se encontró que las presas consumidas con mayor frecuencia (63.84%) eran los mamíferos de pequeño tamaño (< 1 kg) que, a su vez, representaron la mayor contribución de biomasa (37.2%). La frecuencia de cada especie de mamífero en la dieta no se correlacionó con su frecuencia de captura (medida a través de trampas de captura viva tipo Sherman y transectos diurnos pedestres). Este trabajo es la primera aproximación a la dieta de L. geoffroyi realizada en la Patagonia central argentina y aporta conocimientos no solo sobre aspectos ecológicos, sino también sobre la historia natural de esta especie de felino.

Graphical abstract for the article “Trophic ecology of Geoffroy’s cat (Leopardus geoffroyi) and mammal prey availability in semi-arid environments of central Patagonia, Argentina” (D'Agostino & Udrizar Sauthier, 2024)

Food habits of the ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) in a lowland Atlantic Forest of southeastern Brazil

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The ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) has a diverse diet and contributes to the control of animal populations at intermediate trophic levels, acting as an effcient mesopredator. Here, we characterized the diet of L. pardalis in a remnant of lowland Atlantic Forest of southeastern Brazil, determining the species and the main prey items consumed (those with a percentage of occurrence [PO] ≥ 5%), as well as its trophic specialization. We characterized L. pardalis diet using 30 fecal samples collected in the Vale Natural Reserve (Linhares/ES), between October 2014 and September 2016. Forty-nine food items were identified and distributed into 14 taxa, half of which were recognized as main prey (Cuniculus paca, Dasypus spp., Didelphis aurita, Mazama spp., Nasua nasua, Salvator merianae, and Sapajus robustus; 81.6% of the consumed items). Mammals were the most consumed (PO = 83.7%), followed by Reptilia (12.2%) and Aves (4.1%). Medium-sized prey (1–15 kg) were the most representative (PO = 84.9%), followed by large (> 15 kg; 10.9%) and small prey (< 1 kg; 4.3%). The diet was generalist when considering the consumption of individual prey (niche breadth = 0.641), but specialized in mammals (0.197) and medium-sized prey (0.181). High consumption of medium-sized mammals represents a foraging optimization strategy, as this prey type may be more energetically profitable for L. pardalis. The importance of some prey changed over time, suggesting temporal variation in the diet of this predator. We provided new information about the diet of the species, including the consumption of large prey (brocket deer of the genus Mazama). The local maintenance of a wide variety of prey may contribute to the conservation of this population over time.

Hábitos alimentarios del ocelote (Leopardus pardalis) en el Bosque Atlántico del sureste de Brasil. El ocelote (Leopardus pardalis) tiene una dieta diversa, que contribuye al control de las poblaciones animales de niveles tróficos intermedios y es un mesodepredador eficiente. Caracterizamos la dieta de L. pardalis en un remanente de Bosque Atlántico del sureste de Brasil para determinar las especies consumidas, sus principales presas (aquellas con un porcentaje de ocurrencia [PO] ≥ 5%) y la especialización trófica a partir de 30 muestras fecales recolectadas en la Reserva Natural Vale (Linhares/ES), entre octubre de 2014 y septiembre de 2016. Se identificaron 49 ítems distribuidos en 14 taxones, la mitad de los cuales fueron presas principales (Cuniculus paca, Dasypus spp., Didelphis aurita, Mazama spp., Nasua nasua, Salvator merianae y Sapajus robustus; 81.6% de los ítems consumidos). Los mamíferos fueron las presas más consumidas (PO = 83.7%), seguido de Reptilia (12.2%) y Aves (4.1%). Las presas medianas (1–15 kg) fueron las más representativas (PO = 84.9%) y presentes en todas las muestras, seguidas de las presas grandes (> 15 kg; 10.9%) y las pequeñas (< 1 kg; 4.3%). La dieta fue generalista en el consumo de presas individuales (amplitud de nicho = 0.641), pero especializada en mamíferos (0.197) y presas medianas (0.181). El alto consumo de mamíferos medianos puede estar relacionado con el hecho de que pueden ser más energéticos para L. pardalis. Algunas presas cambiaron su importancia a lo largo del tiempo, lo que sugiere una variación temporal en la dieta. Proporcionamos nueva información sobre la dieta de la especie, que incluye el consumo de presas grandes (cérvidos del género Mazama). El mantenimiento local de una amplia variedad de presas puede contribuir a la conservación de esta población a lo largo del tiempo.

Graphical abstract for the article “Food habits of the ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) in a lowland Atlantic Forest of southeastern Brazil” (dos Santos et al., 2022)

Cranial morphological variability of a small Neotropical cat revealed by geometric morphometrics

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The jaguarundi (Herpailurus yagouaroundi) has one of the most extensive latitudinal ranges among felids of the Western Hemisphere. Its wide geographic distribution and range of habitats may result in patterns of cranial morphological variation. Thus, we investigated the hypothesis of the existence of morphological ecotypes adapted to specific environments used by the species. The crania of 54 museum specimens from three different ecoregions in Brazil were digitized in ventral, dorsal, and lateral views. No sexual dimorphism was detected. Our hypothesis was supported by the fact that the specimens from the Amazon were significantly larger than those from the Atlantic Forest and Uruguayan savanna. Cranial shape variation between sexes, as well as among ecoregions, was mostly explained by the effect of size. Correlations between geographical distance and cranial shape were not significant. There was a significant correlation between cranium size and latitude, in a pattern that is the reverse of Bergmann’s rule, with larger specimens in lower latitudes. The environmental variables positively correlated with cranium size indicated that larger cats occurred in regions with greater temperature and precipitation. Resource availability might be the cause of the observed variation in cranium size, since jaguarundis probably show different prey size preferences along the species distribution range. However, more ecological data for most ecoregions are needed to test the “resource rule” and to fully understand the patterns and causes of cranial variation in this cat.

Variabilidade morfológica craniana de um pequeno felino neotropical, revelada pela morfometria geométrica. O jaguarundi (Herpailurus yagouaroundi) possui uma das faixas latitudinais mais extensas entre os felídeos do Hemisfério Ocidental. Sua ampla distribuição geográfica e variedade de habitats podem resultar em padrões de variação morfológica do crânio. Assim, investigamos a hipótese da existência de ecótipos morfológicos adaptados aos ambientes específicos utilizados pela espécie. Os crânios de 54 espécimes de museus de três diferentes ecorregiões no Brasil foram digitalizados nas vistas ventral, dorsal e lateral. Não foi detectado dimorfismo sexual no tamanho. Nossa hipótese foi corroborada, pois os espécimes da Amazônia são significativamente maiores do que os da Mata Atlântica e da Savana uruguaia. A variação da forma do crânio entre os sexos, bem como entre ecorregiões, está correlacionada com a variação de tamanho. Correlações entre distância geográfica e forma do crânio não foram significativas. Houve correlação significativa entre tamanho e latitude, em um padrão inverso da regra de Bergmann, com espécimes maiores observados nas menores latitudes. As variáveis ambientais correlacionadas positivamente com o tamanho indicaram felinos maiores ocorrendo em regiões com maior temperatura e precipitação. A disponibilidade de recursos pode ser a causa da variação de tamanho observada, uma vez que aparentemente o jaguarundi preda presas de tamanhos diferentes ao longo de sua distribuição. Porém, são necessários mais dados ecológicos das demais ecorregiões, para testar a “regra do recurso” e elucidar os padrões e causas da variação do crânio deste felino.

Graphical abstract for the article “Cranial morphological variability of a small Neotropical cat revealed by geometric morphometrics” (Prior Migliorini et al., 2021)

Abundance and activity patterns of the margay (Leopardus wiedii) at a mid-elevation site in the Eastern Andes of Ecuador

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We investigated abundance and activity patterns of the margay (Leopardus wiedii) via remote camera-trapping at Wildsumaco Wildlife Sanctuary, a new preserve located near Sumaco National Park, in the eastern Andean foothills of Ecuador. We recorded 85 capture events and ten individuals, including one juvenile, over a total of 3220 camera-trap nights. Activity was mostly nocturnal and we found no difference in abundance between primary and secondary forest. Our capture rate (2.64 captures/100 camera-trap nights) indicates a high abundance of margays in the region. The site lies within a matrix of agricultural lands and the high abundance and seasonal occurrence data seem to suggest that while one or two females may occupy the area permanently, most margays likely use the site as a corridor. Continued deforestation and habitat alteration pose a serious threat to the margays of the region. The data we present here suggest that an unusually high abundance of margays occur at the site, making it an important area for continued research and conservation efforts.

Abundancia y patrones de actividad del margay (Leopardus wiedii) en un sitio de elevación media en los Andes Orientales de Ecuador. Hemos investigado la abundancia y los patrones de actividad del margay o tigrillo (Leopardus wiedii) a través de cámaras-trampa remotas en el Santuario de Vida Silvestre Wildsumaco, una nueva reserva situada cerca del Parque Nacional Sumaco, en las estribaciones orientales de los Andes del Ecuador. Se registraron 85 capturas de diez individuos, incluyendo un individuo juvenil, tras un total de 3220 trampas noche. La actividad registrada fue principalmente nocturna y no encontramos diferencias en la abundancia entre bosque primario y secundario. Nuestra tasa de captura (2.64 capturas/100 trampas noche) indica una gran abundancia de tigrillos en la región. El sitio se encuentra dentro de una matriz de tierras agrícolas, y la frecuencia de registros y la ocurrencia estacional parecen sugerir que, si bien una o dos hembras pueden ocupar el área de forma permanente, es probable que la mayoría de los tigrillos utilice el sitio como un corredor. La persistente deforestación y la alteración del hábitat representan una amenaza grave para los tigrillos en la región. Los datos que aquí presentamos indican una abundancia anormalmente alta de tigrillos en esta zona, por lo que esta constituye un área importante para continuar con la investigación y los esfuerzos de conservación.

Puma concolor (Carnivora, Felidae) en Uruguay: situación local y contexto regional

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La presencia actual de Puma concolor en Uruguay ha sido controversial. En este trabajo se reportan registros recientes de la especie para el país, junto a una síntesis de registros históricos. En base a estos, diferentes hipótesis acerca del origen de los ejemplares uruguayos son discutidas. El puma no está extinto aún en el país. No obstante, debe ser considerada como una especie severamente amenazada. Estudios poblacionales y medidas urgentes de protección a escala regional son necesarias para la conservación del puma en Uruguay.

Puma concolor (Carnivora, Felidae) in Uruguay: local situation and regional context. Modern presence of Puma concolor in Uruguay has been controversial. Recent records of the species in Uruguay are reported in this work, with a synthesis of historical records. On this basis, different hypothesis about the origin of Uruguayan individuals are discussed. Pumas have not yet gone extinct in the country. However, it must be considered a highly endangered species. Population studies and urgent management actions within a regional scale are needed for puma conservation in Uruguay.

Uso de hábitat de carnívoros simpátricos en una zona de bosque seco tropical de Colombia

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Se realizó un estudio sobre el uso del hábitat de tres especies de carnívoros en un área de bosque seco tropical en el Fuerte Militar de Tolemaida. La importancia de esta zona se debe a que contiene un remanente de bosque seco con acceso restringido, lo que le permitiría ser una posible área de conservación de fauna, teniendo en cuenta el alto grado de degradación de estos bosques en Colombia. Se instalaron trampas de huellas con estaciones olfativas en diferentes coberturas vegetales como bosque, arbustal y pastizal. Para analizar el uso del hábitat se aplicó la prueba Z de Bonferroni con intervalos del 95% de confianza. Cerdocyon thous y Leopardus pardalis prefirieron arbustales, mientras que Puma yagouaroundi prefirió bosque y arbustal. Posiblemente el arbustal sea usado como zona de forrajeo o de paso entre bosques. Adicionalmente las tres especies se encontraron asociadas al agua, vías y viviendas de la zona. La presencia de las tres especies tanto en los bosques como en los arbustales muestra la importancia de los dos tipos de cobertura vegetal para permitir su presencia en el fuerte militar. Dado el acceso restringido y el nivel de protección al interior de las áreas militares, sugerimos considerar estas áreas en planes de manejo y conservación.

Habitat use by sympatric carnivores in a tropical dry forest area of Colombia. The objective of this study was to make an estimation of how three species of carnivores use the habitat in an area of Tropical Dry Forest located in the Tolemaida Military Base (Colombia, South America). Track traps with olfactory stations were used on different vegetation covers such as forest, shrubs and high grasses. For the statistical analysis we used the Bonferroni Z Test with a 95% confidence interval for habitat use establishment. After the study, we were able to conclude that Cerdocyon thous and Leopardus pardalis preferred the shrub habitat, while Puma yagouaroundi preferred the shrub and forest zones. There is still a possibility that the shrub is used as a foraging zone or as a passing area between forests. Additionally, we were able to associate these three species to water, roads and housing areas. Traces of these three species were found in the forest as well as in the shrubs, showing the importance of both types of vegetation covers for their presence in the military base. Considering the restricted access and level of protection inside the base, our suggestion is to regard these areas for conservation and planning programs.